Sociólogo - Escritor

El material de este blog es de libre acceso y reproducción. No está financiado por Nestlé ni por Monsanto. Desinformarnos no depende de ellas ni de otras como ellas, pero si de ti. Apoya al periodismo independiente. Es tuyo.

"La Casa de la Magdalena" (1977), "Essays of Resistance" (1991), "El destino de Norte América", de José Carlos Mariátegui. En narrativa ha escrito la novela "Secreto de desamor", Rentería Editores, Lima 2007, "Mufida, La angolesa", Altazor Editores, Lima, 2011; "Mujeres malas Mujeres buenas", (2013) vicio perfecto vicio perpetuo, poesía. Algunos ensayos, notas periodísticas y cuentos del autor aparecen en diversos medios virtuales.
Jorge Aliaga es peruano-escocés y vive entre el Perú y Escocia.
email address:
jorgealiagacacho@hotmail.co.uk
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Aliaga_Cacho
http://www.jorgealiagacacho.com/

26 de julio de 2014

Augusto Palomares Bazalar - Hijo Ilustre de Chancay

Fuente: Blog "El Caminante"

Rinden homenaje a escritor chancayano


Instantes en que se lee la Resolución Municipal que declara 
como hijo ilustre de Chancay, al escritor y  poeta, Augusto 
Palomares Bazalar.
En emotiva ceremonia, llevado a cabo en el auditórium de la Municipalidad Distrital de Chancay,  reconocieron como hijo ilustre del referido distrito, al escritor Augusto Palomares Bazalar, nacido en Chancayllo, jurisdicción de Chancay.
 Tal reconocimiento la recibió de manos del alcalde Juan Álvarez Andrade, quien acompañado de decenas de escritores y poetas de la región Lima provincias reconocieron, en vida, la proficua labor de don Augusto Palomares Bazalar.
Su producción literaria está ligada a cantos a manera de décimas  a Chancay. El evento fue promovido por la Sociedad de Poetas y Narradores de la Región Lima Provincias- filial Chancay, en la persona de Hernán Anaya Arce.

Bronchiectasis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bronchiectasis
Classification and external resources
Bronchiectasis NHLBI.jpg
Figure A shows a cross-section of the lungs with normal airways and widened airways. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway with bronchiectasis.
ICD-10 J47, Q33.4
ICD-9 494, 748.61
DiseasesDB 1684
MedlinePlus 000144
eMedicine article/296961
MeSH D001987
Bronchiectasis is a disease where there is permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung.[1] Symptoms typically include a chronic cough with sputum production.[2] Other symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing up blood and chest pain.[1] Wheezing and nail clubbing may also occur. Those with the disease often get frequent lung infections.[1]
Bronchiectasis may result from a number of infective and acquired causes, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, immune system problems, and cystic fibrosis.[2][3] Cystic fibrosis eventually results in severe bronchiectasis in nearly all cases.[4] The cause in 10-50% of those without cystic fibrosis is unknown. The mechanism of disease is breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response. Involved bronchi become enlarged and thus less able to clear secretions. These secretions increase the amount of bacteria in the lungs, result in airway blockage and further breakdown the airways.[2] It is classified as an obstructive lung disease, along with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.[5] The diagnosis is suspect based on a person's symptoms and confirmed using computer tomography.[6] Sputum cultures may be useful to determine treatment in those who have acute worsening[1] and at least once a year.[6]
Worsening may occur due to infection and in these cases antibiotics are recommended. Typical antibiotics used include amoxicillin and in those who are allergic erythromycin or doxycycline.[1] Antibiotics may also be used to prevent worsening of disease.[2] Airway clearance techniques, a type of physiotherapy, are recommended.[7] Bronchodilators may be useful in some but the evidence is not very good.[2] The use of inhaled steroids have not been found to be useful.[8] Surgery, while commonly done, has not been well studied.[9] Lung transplantation may be an option in those with very severe disease.[10] While the disease may cause significant health problems[2] many other people with the disease do well.[1]
In the United Kingdom the disease affects about 1 per 1000 adults.[1] The disease is more common in women and increases as people age. It was first described by Rene Laennecin 1819. The economic costs in the United States are estimated at $630 million per year.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Some people with bronchiectasis may produce frequent green/yellow sputum (up to 240ml (8 oz) daily). Bronchiectasis may also present with coughing up blood in the absence of sputum, called "dry bronchiectasis". Sputum production may also occur without coloration. People with bronchiectasis may have bad breath indicative of active infection. Frequent bronchial infections and breathlessness are two possible indicators of bronchiectasis.[3]
Crepitations and expiratory rhonchi may be heard on auscultation, although nail clubbing is rare.[11]

Causes

Bronchiectasis has both congenital and acquired causes, with the latter more frequent.[12]

Acquired causes

Bronchiectasis secondary to a large carcinoid tumor (not shown) that was completely obstructing the bronchus proximally. The yellowish discoloration of lung parenchyma reflects obstructive pneumonia.
Tuberculosis, pneumonia, inhaled foreign bodies, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and bronchial tumours are the major acquired causes of Bronchiectasis.[3][13] Infective causes associated with Bronchiectasis include infections caused by the Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, or Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough.[12]
Aspiration of ammonia and other toxic gases, pulmonary aspiration, alcoholism, heroin (drug use), various allergies all appear to be linked to the development of Bronchiectasis,[14][source needs translation]
Various immunological and lifestyle factors have also been linked to the development of bronchiectasis:
No cause is identified in up to 50% of non-cystic-fibrosis related bronchiecstasis.[11]

Congenital causes

Bronchiectasis may result from congenital infections that affect cilia motility or ion transport.[3] Kartagener syndrome is one such disorder of cilia motility linked to the development of bronchiectasis,.[18] A common cause is cystic fibrosis, which affects chloride ion transport, in which a small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis.[19] Young's syndrome, which is clinically similar to cystic fibrosis, is thought to significantly contribute to the development of bronchiectasis. This is due to the occurrence of chronic infections of the sinuses and bronchiole tree.[20]
Other less-common congenital causes include primary immunodeficiencies, due to the weakened or nonexistent immune system response to severe, recurrent infections that commonly affect the lung.[21] Several other congenital disorders can also lead to bronchiectasis, including Williams-Campbell syndrome[22] and Marfan syndrome.[23]
Patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been found to be particularly susceptible to bronchiectasis, for unknown reasons.[24]

Pathophysiology

Bronchiectasis, gross pathology.
Bronchiectasis is a result of chronic inflammation compounded by an inability to clear mucoid secretions. This can be a result of genetic conditions resulting in a failure to clear sputum (Primary ciliary dyskinesia), or resulting in more viscous sputum (cystic fibrosis), or the result of chronic or severe infections. Inflammation results in progressive destruction of the normal lung architecture, in particular the elastic fibres of bronchi.[3]
Tuberculosis. Endobronchial tuberculosis commonly leads to bronchiectasis, either from bronchial stenosis or secondary traction from fibrosis.[25]

Diagnosis

Bronchiectasis may be diagnosed clinically or on review of imaging.[3][26] The British Thoracic Society recommends all non cystic-fibrosis-related bronchiectasis be confirmed by CT.[11] CT may reveal tree-in-bud abnormalities, dilated bronchi, and cysts with defined borders.[3]
Other investigations typically performed at diagnosis include blood tests, sputum cultures, and sometimes tests for specific genetic disorders.[3]

Prevention

In order to prevent bronchiectasis, children should be immunized against measles, pertussis, pneumonia, and other acute respiratory infections of childhood. While smoking has not been found to be a direct cause of bronchiectasis, it is certainly an irritant that all patients should avoid in order to prevent the development of infections (such as bronchitis) and further complications.[27]
Treatments to slow down the progression of this chronic disease include keeping bronchial airways clear and secretions weakened through various forms of pneumotherapy. Aggressively treating bronchial infections with antibiotics to prevent the destructive cycle of infection, damage to bronchial tubes, and more infection is also standard treatment. Regular vaccination against pneumonia, influenza and pertussis are generally advised. A healthy body mass index and regular doctor visits may have beneficial effects on the prevention of progressing bronchiectasis. The presence of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, dyspnea level and radiographic extent can greatly affect the mortality rate from this disease.[28]

Treatment

Treatment of bronchiectasis includes controlling infections and bronchial secretions, relieving airway obstructions, removal of affected portions of lung by surgical removal or artery embolization and preventing complications. This includes the prolonged usage of antibiotics to prevent detrimental infections,[29] as well as eliminating accumulated fluid with postural drainage and chest physiotherapy. Postural drainage techniques, aided by physiotherapists and respiratory therapists, are an important mainstay of treatment.[3][11] Airway clearance techniques appears useful.[7]
Surgery may also be used to treat localized bronchiectasis, removing obstructions that could cause progression of the disease.[30]
Inhaled steroid therapy that is consistently adhered to can reduce sputum production and decrease airway constriction over a period of time, and help prevent progression of bronchiectasis. This is not recommended for routine use in children.[11] One commonly used therapy is beclometasone dipropionate.[31] Although not approved for use in any country, mannitol dry inhalation powder, has been granted orphan drug status by the FDA for use in people with bronchiectasis and with cystic fibrosis.[32]

Epidemiology

In the United Kingdom the disease affects about 1 per 1000 adults.[1]

History

René Laennec, the man who invented the stethoscope, used his invention to first discover bronchiectasis in 1819.[33] The disease was researched in greater detail by Sir William Osler in the late 1800s; it is suspected that Osler actually died of complications from undiagnosed bronchiectasis.[34]

References

  1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (August 2010). "Bronchiectasis".
  2. McShane, PJ; Naureckas, ET; Tino, G; Strek, ME (Sep 15, 2013). "Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188 (6): 647–56. PMID 23898922.
  3. Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
  4. Brant, [edited by] William E.; Helms, Clyde A. (2006). Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology (3rd ed. ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 518. ISBN 9780781761352.
  5. Shaffer, Michael Filbin, Lisa M. Lee, Brian L. (2003). Blueprints pathophysiology II : pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and rheumatology : notes & cases (1st ed. ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. p. 12. ISBN 9781405103510.
  6. "Quality Standards for Clinically Significant Bronchiectasis in Adults". British Thoracic Society. July 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  7. Lee, AL; Burge, A; Holland, AE (May 31, 2013). "Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 5: CD008351. PMID 23728674.
  8. Kapur, N; Bell, S; Kolbe, J; Chang, AB (Jan 21, 2009). "Inhaled steroids for bronchiectasis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD000996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000996.pub2. PMID 19160186.
  9. Corless, JA; Warburton, CJ (2000). "Surgery vs non-surgical treatment for bronchiectasis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD002180. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002180. PMID 11034745.
  10. Corris, PA (Jun 2013). "Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.". Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 34 (3): 297–304. PMID 23821505.
  11. Hill, Adam T; Pasteur, Mark; Cornford, Charles; Welham, Sally; Bilton, Diana (1 January 2011). "Primary care summary of the British Thoracic Society Guideline on the management of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis". Primary Care Respiratory Journal 20 (2): 135. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2011.00007.
  12. Hassan, Isaac (8 December 2006). "Bronchiectasis". eMedicine Specialties Encyclopedia. Gibraltar: WebMD. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  13. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
  14. Lamari NM, Martins ALQ, Oliveira JV, Marino LC, Valério N (2006). "Bronchiectasis and clearence [sic] physiotherapy: emphasis in postural drainage and percussion". Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. (in Portuguese) 21 (2). doi:10.1590/S1678-97412006000200015.
  15. Sheikh S, Madiraju K, Steiner P, Rao M (1997). "Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS". Chest 112 (5): 1202–7. doi:10.1378/chest.112.5.1202. PMID 9367458.
  16. Ferguson HR, Convery RP (2002). "An unusual complication of ulcerative colitis". Postgrad. Med. J. 78 (922): 503. doi:10.1136/pmj.78.922.503. PMC 1742448. PMID 12185236.
  17. Kaushik, VV, Hutchinson D, Desmond J, Lynch MP, and Dawson JK (2004). "Association between bronchiectasis and smoking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63 (8): 1001–2. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015123. PMC 1755104. PMID 15249329.
  18. Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR (2007). "Genetic Causes of Bronchiectasis: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Respiration 72 (3): 252–63. doi:10.1159/000101783. PMID 17534128.
  19. Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE (1999). "Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients". Acta Chir Hung. 38 (1): 23–5. PMID 10439089.
  20. Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, & Turtle JR (1984). "Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections". NEJM 310 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401053100102. PMID 6689737.
  21. Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Mazzolari E, Soresina A, Bondioni MP (2007). "Genetic causes of bronchiectasis: primary immune deficiencies and the lung". Respiration + 74 (3): 264–75. doi:10.1159/000101784. PMID 17534129.
  22. WILLIAMS H, CAMPBELL P (April 1960). "Generalized Bronchiectasis associated with Deficiency of Cartilage in the Bronchial Tree". Arch. Dis. Child. 35 (180): 182–91. doi:10.1136/adc.35.180.182. PMC 2012546. PMID 13844857.
  23. "Medical Problems and Treatments | The Marfan Trust". The Marfan Trust. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  24. Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?". Chest 104 (5): 1384–86. doi:10.1378/chest.104.5.1384. PMID 8222792.
  25. Catanzano, Tara (5 September 2005). "Primary Tuberculosis". eMedicine Specialties Encyclopedia. Connecticut: WebMD. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  26. Miller, JC (2006). "Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellular Infections in Women". Radiology Rounds 4 (2).
  27. Crofton J (1966). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Bronchiectasis: I. Diagnosis". Br Med J 1 (5489): 721–3 contd. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5489.721. PMC 1844268. PMID 5909486.
  28. Onen ZP, Eris Gulbay B, Sen E, Akkoca Yildiz O, Saryal S, Acican T, Karabiyikoglu G (2007). "Analysis of the factors related to mortality in patients with bronchiectasis". Respir Med. 101 (7): 1390–97. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.002. PMID 17374480.
  29. Evans DJ, Bara AI,Greenstone M (2007). "Prolonged antibiotics for purulent bronchiectasis in children and adults". In Evans, David J. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD001392. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001392.pub2. PMID 17443506.
  30. Otgün I, Karnak I, Tanyel FC, Senocak ME, Büyükpamukçu N (2004). "Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in children". J. Pediatr. Surg. 39 (10): 1532–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.06.009. PMID 15486899.
  31. Elborn JS, Johnston B, Allen F, Clarke J, McGarry J, Varghese G. (1992). "Inhaled steroids in patients with bronchiectasis". Respir Med 86 (2): 121–4. doi:10.1016/S0954-6111(06)80227-1. PMID 1615177.
  32. Waknine, Yael (27 July 2005). "Orphan Drug Approvals: Bronchitol, Prestara, GTI-2040". Medscape today for WebMD. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  33. Roguin, A (2006). "Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The Man Behind the Stethoscope". Clin Med Res 4 (3): 230–35. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230. PMC 1570491. PMID 17048358.
  34. Wrong O (2003). "Osler and my father". J R Soc Med 96 (6): 462–64. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.9.462. PMC 539606. PMID 12949207.

External links

25 de julio de 2014

La Roja Yesca


Por Jem Wong
 
De amor voy quemando las horas
en blanca cenizas, convirtiéndolas
entre brazos de tierra y aire vuelo
como hoja de calendario amarilla.
Marcada por el giro de la arena
en el espacio que sin ti , hiere
Llena de la ansiedad de tu nombre
de tu mirada de terciopelo, que mata.

¡La vida es corta! Jaaa… Sandeces
Palabras de los que tienen miedo,
porque no conocen la nieve del invierno.
Mi verano no huye, jamás termina
las aspas de mi molino, no cesan,
giran en mi cuerpo y lo sangran
y el alma convulsa desesperada,
son retazos, trapos sedientos de ti.

Querer detener la caída de la arena
con obsesiva presteza me domina,
Ir, caminar en esta playa desnuda
frotándome en tu cuerpo cálido,
con el temblor del deseo ardiendo
y las rodillas levantadas al viento.
Presurosa de abrirte la madriguera,
para que vayas construyendo la represa.

Mi pequeño castor ¡Ven, enloquecido!
Camina ebrio hasta esta tu entraña.
Calma tu sed de laborioso amante,
clava tus garras en la rama del zarzal
y sobre las llagas que me regalas
pon los dedos presiónalas de amor,
hasta que me lleves al arco del cielo,
mientras mi pensamiento es muerte.

La roja yesca testigo de los amantes
sonríen aterciopeladas y cristalinas,
como copas sagradas del licor divino
que se ofrecen en el juego de dioses,
que el instinto misterioso consume,
mientras el aire del verano escapa
y en un suspiro del ardiente crisol
crujientes suplican que no se termine.

La represa hay que… reconstruirla
La fuente del amor, hay que crearla
usa tu fantasía vida ,reúne las ramas
no ves que hay pececillos en el agua
Si no le hacemos una casa morirían
de sed, no descansaran estas almas.

24 de julio de 2014

Morococha Resiste

Fuente: Morocoocha Resiste

¿SABES QUÉ PASA EN MOROCOCHA?
Morococha es un distrito ubicado en el departamento Junín, provincia de Yauli, a cuya población, una transnacional minera china (Chinalco) y el gobierno de Humala (que actúa como su cómplice) pretenden desalojar, para que así la empresa pueda ejecutar sus operaciones extractivas a tajo abierto en la zona.
Aquí una cronología general de los hechos, acompañada de algunos documentos:
[16 Enero 2010] Consulta fraudulenta del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental en Morococha, en la que empresa trajo en bus a morocochanos que vivían en otras ciudades e impidió el ingreso a los morocochanos que vivían en la zona y cuando estos reclamaron recibieron una dura represión por parte del estado. VIDEO http://goo.gl/OMUjOq
Tiempo después Chinalco intenta convencer a la población de trasladarse a "Carhuacoto" (ciudad construida por la minera) pero no lo logra ya que la población no acepta ir a vivir a una ciudad que se encuentra ubicada debajo de una laguna relavera y por ende en constante peligro de inundación y contaminación ante un desborde; ni tampoco en sus casas hechas de Drywall donde filtra el frío y la humedad (debido a estar construidas encima de un bofedal) que llena de moho las paredes y daña los muebles.
Ante ello el 2013, el gobierno peruano interviene decretando 3 estados de emergencia (095, 116 y 131) además de la ley 30081, y durante este periodo envía policías y militares a la zona que agreden a la gente, paralizan los colegios, el centro de salud, estación de bomberos y todo tipo de institución pública todo ello con el objetivo de amedrentar a la población y así esta se vea forzada a trasladarse a Carhuacoto.
[25 de Agosto 2013] Gobierno declara estado de emergencia en Morococha por supuesto peligro inminente de movimiento en masa
-Decreto Supremo 095-2013-PCM http://goo.gl/A0SPnB
*(Art. 137 de la Constitución peruana sobre los decretos de emergencia http://goo.gl/CT4T)
Luego del primer decreto y el inicio de las agresiones policiales la población de morococha reacciona, y viajan a Lima más de medio millar de morocochanos junto a 180 niños pidiendo el cese de las agresiones y la restitución de los colegios puesto que los niños iban a perder el año escolar. Los pobladores se quedan en la capital cerca de un mes, durmiendo encima de cartones y renuniéndose todos los días en la plaza san martín para marchar rumbo al congreso y otras instituciones, sin embargo no obtienen el apoyo que necesitaban de parte la población limeña, por lo que muchos de ellos deciden volver a Morococha a continuar desde ahí su resistencia, otros ante lo difícil de su situación terminan abandonando Morococha. Con su viaje a Lima los pobladores de Morococha lograron al menos que los policías se vayan y paren las agresiones.
[20 de Setiembre 2013] Gobierno declara a Carhuacoto (Nueva Morococha), ciudad construida por la minera Chinalco, como la capital del distrito de Morococha
-Ley 30081 http://goo.gl/r3rhz3
[24 de Octubre 2013] Prorrogan el Estado de Emergencia en Morococha
-Decreto Supremo 116-2013-PCM http://goo.gl/gTnLT8
[20 de Diciembre 2013] Nueva prórroga del Estado de Emergencia en Morococha
-Decreto Supremo 131-2013-PCM http://goo.gl/J74d2f
[20 de febrero 2014] le cortan la energía eléctrica a Morococha, pero a unos días esta se logra restablecer gracias a la interposición de un recurso legal, un proceso similar ocurrió con el servicio de agua tiempo después.
[28 de Marzo 2014] OEFA ordena a Chinalco detener actividades de Toromocho causantes de vertimientos en lagunas de Junín
VIDEO http://goo.gl/vL3xAs
La población de Morococha se mantiene aún resistiendo, pese a todos los abusos y por ello la minera sigue intensificando sus medidas de amedrentamiento ejecutando voladuras a diario que infestan el aire con polvos altamente tóxicos para la salud (VIDEO http://goo.gl/0Eoupb), derrumbando las casas de los pobladores que salen momentaneamente de estas, y coludièndose con las empresas mineras de los alrededores para impedir que cualquiera de sus trabajadores se acerque a comprar algo a Morococha a riesgo de ser despedido y así aislar económicamente al pueblo.
Actualmente la población se encuentra en una situación crítica, aislados económicamente, sin ningún tipo de institución pública y expuestos a diario a la contaminación minera, por favor si te has sensibilizado con el caso suma tu apoyo en la difusión y a las futuras acciones que se realizarán en apoyo al pueblo de Morococha que hoy más que nunca necesita de cada uno de nosotrxs
‪#‎MorocochaResiste‬